Edward Burman · Historical survey · 1984
…s how the institution developed, how it operated in different places and periods, and how religious conviction, political authority, fear, and coercion became entangled. It is disturbing history, but necessary history for understanding what can happen when a church claims the pow…
View recommendation →Tertullian · Apologetic, doctrinal, and practical treatises · c. 197–220
…p. Read across the range and you encounter apologetics, prophecy, doctrine, courage under persecution, and an uncompromising emphasis on holy living. Tertullian is an early witness, not a final authority. His later association with the New Prophecy, his growing severity, and some…
View recommendation →History, heresy, and the temptation of private Christianity
…every congregation in the same way. Lee's analogy nevertheless touches something real. A religious elite can remain inside a wider Christian world while treating ordinary proclamation as an outer shell for those who have not advanced. Familiar biblical words can become passwords…
Read article →Sources behind Qur’anic narratives
…found in the Torah or the four Gospels. Yet recognisable forms of them appear within the religious narrative world of late antiquity. The superficial accusation is easy: Muhammad heard old legends and copied them into the Qur’an. Historical evidence rarely permits such simplicit…
Read article →Which Gospel does the Qur'an affirm?
…ay also argue that the Qur'an itself accuses some among the People of the Book of writing religious material and falsely attributing it to God, twisting Scripture with their tongues, concealing truth and moving words from their proper places (Surahs 2:79; 3:78; 4:46; 5:13). On th…
Read article →Constantine, Arius, the Trinity, the biblical canon—and the myths that refuse to die
…There are facts inside that accusation. Constantine had not yet been baptised. He wanted religious unity within a recently reunited empire. He took part in the discussions, favoured the term homoousios and enforced the result through exile. The term itself does not occur in Scri…
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