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Search by subject, then refine by approach. A prophecy study may also be apologetic or discerning because subject tells you what it examines, while approach tells you how it examines it.
58 results for “Theology”
Clear searchSeth D. Postell, Eitan Bar & Erez Soref · Messianic biblical theology · 2017
A study of how the Torah reaches its goal in Yeshua, addressing how Moses points to Messiah, the purpose of the Law, the place of rabbinic tradition, and the relationship of Jewish and Gentile believers to the Torah's commandments.
View recommendation →Sir Robert Anderson · Biblical and apologetic argument · 1897
An attempt to understand why God may appear silent amid suffering, unbelief, and unanswered prayer, relating the question to the close of the apostolic era, the present administration of grace, and the future public intervention of God.
View recommendation →Dave Hunt · Biblical polemic · 2002
A sustained challenge to Calvinism which asks whether its account of sovereignty, election, grace, and the atonement is consistent with the Bible's revelation of God's character—particularly His love, mercy, justice, and genuine call to the world.
View recommendation →The question reaches beyond prophecy to the faithfulness of God
…he one gospel's power, not an exception to it. Our treatment of Jewish people matters Bad theology is not the sole cause of anti-Jewish hostility, and disagreement over Israel's future does not make a person antisemitic. History nevertheless warns us that contemptuous theology ca…
Read article →Defining the position before testing it
…rsessionism, and Why Does It Matter? Defining the position before testing it "Replacement theology" is a useful popular label, but it can also conceal important differences. Many Christians accused of teaching that the Church replaced Israel would reject that wording. They believ…
Read article →A history of interpretation, polemic, and forgotten tension
The rise of supersessionist interpretation traced through early Christian history, from the increasingly Gentile Church to Justin, Origen, Chrysostom, and Augustine.
Read article →Dave Hunt · Devotional theology and biblical exhortation · 2000
A wide-ranging call to recover the seriousness of the gospel, wholehearted love for God, biblical discipleship, the necessity of the cross, fidelity to Christian doctrine, and a life shaped by Christ's return.
View recommendation →Michael J. Vlach · Biblical theology · 2023
A wide-ranging study of God's purposes from creation to new creation, presenting Christian hope as bodily resurrection and life in a restored world under Christ rather than escape from the physical creation.
View recommendation →Why the Son assumed a complete human nature, not merely a body
…n life. Precision serves worship Asking whether Jesus had a human soul can sound like dry theology. It is anything but dry if we understand what is at stake. Without a human mind, He did not truly grow in wisdom. Without human affections, He did not truly sorrow. Without a human…
Read article →Eustathius of Antioch, the human soul of Christ and the pictures created by our words
…so that one biblical truth could not be affirmed by sacrificing another. Precision-driven theology need not be dry theology. Dry theology catalogues approved terms without showing why they matter. Living theology asks what reality those terms protect and how a distorted picture w…
Read article →Origen, Arius and the line between Creator and creation
…Son of God. But familiar words can conceal a radically different identity. In Watchtower theology, the Son is not the eternal Creator who shares the Father’s divine nature. He is the first and highest creature, identified with Michael the archangel, through whom Jehovah made eve…
Read article →What the Father's love for the Son reveals about God
…repeatedly speaks of those whom Allah loves (Surahs 11:90; 85:14; 2:195; 3:159). Islamic theology does not ordinarily teach that Allah was deficient before creation or that he needed creatures in order to acquire an attribute. A Muslim may argue that Allah's attributes are etern…
Read article →History, heresy, and the temptation of private Christianity
…icalism descend from ancient Gnostic movements? Does evangelical doctrine reproduce their theology? And can evangelical practice sometimes assume an analogous spiritual posture even while its formal doctrine remains orthodox? The answers are, respectively: no demonstrable genealo…
Read article →Does John 6 teach the literal eating of Christ's body?
…at this article does not claim Fairness requires an important distinction. Roman Catholic theology does not teach that the communicant tears pieces from Christ’s visible body as a cannibal tears flesh from a victim. It teaches that, following consecration, the substance of bread…
Read article →The LORD, Zion, and the meaning of Beulah in Isaiah 62:4–5
…Her sin is adultery because she belongs covenantally to the LORD. Hosea develops the same theology through the prophet’s marriage. Israel pursues false gods and attributes the gifts of grain, wine, oil, silver, and gold to the Baals. The LORD disciplines her, removes the gifts sh…
Read article →Testing Islam's evidence for divine revelation
…irmation. Some of these claims are stronger than others. Some belong to classical Islamic theology; others are products of modern popular apologetics. They should not be bundled together carelessly or dismissed with mockery. Each must be allowed to establish whatever it genuinely…
Read article →Why the Trinity is not polytheism—and why Christians confess one God
…is humanity is not an appearance, and His deity is not surrendered. This is why Christian theology distinguishes Christ's divine and human natures without dividing His Person. His submission in the work of redemption does not turn Him into a lesser kind of deity. Was the Trinity…
Read article →Sources behind Qur’anic narratives
…asises that the miracle occurs only by Allah’s permission. That alteration suits Qur’anic theology. Forming a creature from clay and breathing life into it evokes God’s creation of Adam. Jesus appears to perform a divine kind of creative act, but the repeated qualification “by Al…
Read article →An unrequited love for the historic Church
…tion, the inclusion of the Gentiles, the resurrection of the body and the things to come. Theology may unfold the riches of revelation. Intelligence, eloquence and careful exposition are gifts to the Church. But exposition is not enlargement of the apostolic deposit. The theologi…
Read article →The Messiah cut off before the Temple fell
…tle but gives it little explanatory content. The biblical record supplies the history and theology from which the title comes. Jesus was cut off Jesus was publicly crucified under Pontius Pilate. This is established by the early New Testament testimony and corroborated by non-Chr…
Read article →Creation, judgement, and the coming reign of Christ
…. Environmental concern has become so closely associated with the political left, liberal theology, nature mysticism, animism, and neo-paganism that some Christians instinctively recoil from the subject itself. We rightly reject the worship of nature. We rightly deny that human p…
Read article →Which Gospel does the Qur'an affirm?
…its own repeated model of a prophet receiving a book. That may be coherent inside Islamic theology. It is not a fact established from the historical sources closest to Jesus. Is the Injeel hidden in the red letters? Another response says that the original book is lost but remnant…
Read article →The near was real. The far is still coming.
…ntial historical content. The Assyrian threat was real, and its defeat was real. Isaiah’s theology does not hover above history. But divine intervention creates another crisis. The inhabitants of Zion must reckon with the holiness of the God who has arisen. Who can dwell with eve…
Read article →Christianity, Islam and the verdict of the evidence
…eceives recognisable late-antique narrative material and reshapes it according to its own theology. The strongest Islamic answer says that these stories contain fragments of genuine history. God independently revealed their true portions, corrected the errors surrounding them and…
Read article →The glory philosophy could not contain
…ern: Was Cyril of Alexandria a Good Reader of Paul?”, International Journal of Systematic Theology, published online 29 August 2026. Crawford compares Cyril’s account of Christ’s self-emptying with both ancient Neoplatonic interpretation and a modern kenotic criticism of divine i…
Read article →What mercy, holiness and the cross reveal about God
…declaration that Allah does not love. This is not a trivial observation. Repetition forms theology. The reader is taught to understand divine love through the distinction between those whose character and allegiance receive approval and those whose rebellion does not. What the re…
Read article →Born, begotten and firstborn in the eternal identity and saving work of the Son
…it does not mark the beginning of His eternal identity. Eternity and economy In Christian theology, the eternal or immanent Trinity refers to who the Father, Son and Holy Spirit eternally are in God’s own being. The economy of salvation refers to how the three divine persons act…
Read article →The incarnation, the limits of created perspective and the love philosophy could not imagine
Why the incarnation overturns human ideas of divine greatness, matter, emotion and suffering—and why John 3:16 answers the riddle of God’s descent.
Read article →The crucifixion in history, Scripture and the Qur'an
The historical and biblical evidence for Jesus' crucifixion tested against the Qur'an's denial and later substitution theories.
Read article →The covenant son and the sacrifice that points to Christ
The covenant heir and Abraham's offered son identified from Genesis, the textual witnesses, and the sacrifice's fulfilment in Jesus Christ.
Read article →The divine identity of Jesus across the Gospels
The cumulative Gospel evidence that Jesus cannot be contained within the category of a merely human prophet.
Read article →Why the distinction matters when we speak about Jesus
How Scripture teaches us to distinguish Christ’s complete divine and human natures without dividing the one eternal Son.
Read article →Two accounts of judgement, mercy, and the sinner's hope before God
A fair comparison of the Islamic scales of judgement with the Christian gospel of substitution, imputed righteousness, and assurance in Christ.
Read article →Four popular claims tested in context
The prophet like Moses, Isaiah's Servant, Christ's promised Comforter, and Song of Solomon tested as alleged biblical prophecies of Muhammad.
Read article →Governmental restraint, the final ten kings, and the preparation of the temple
A working theory connecting Rome’s restraining authority with the final concentration of power, while considering when temple preparation might begin.
Read article →R. V. Sellers · Theological biography and history of doctrine · 1928
…larship permits, and his judgment about which fragments are authentic can depend upon the theology he expects to find. The book is most valuable when it unsettles neat retrospective accounts—not when its own reconstruction is treated as final. Nicaea confessed essential truth abo…
View recommendation →The olive tree, the natural branches, and the limits of the metaphor
…does not carry the root: "thou bearest not the root, but the root thee" (Romans 11:18). A theology in which the Gentile Church absorbs Israel, takes ownership of its Scriptures and promises, and then boasts that Israel has been permanently displaced moves in precisely the directi…
Read article →Why Israel's failure cannot make the word of God fail
…ael's failure cannot make the word of God fail Israel's history presents a severe test of theology. God chose the nation, gave it His law, sent it prophets, and brought the Messiah through its line. Israel repeatedly rebelled and, when Messiah came, the nation did not receive Him…
Read article →One Messiah, one gospel, and God's continuing purpose for Israel
…t every supersessionist has been hostile towards Jewish people, and not every distinction theology has produced humility. The text judges the spirit in which either position is held. Belief in Israel's future must never become ethnic romanticisation, indifference to unbelief, or…
Read article →Brian E. Daley · Historical theology · 1991
…t quietly pushing the reader towards a preferred conclusion. This is a work of historical theology, not a direct guide to what Scripture teaches. Its value lies in showing what different early Christians believed, how their ideas developed, and where they disagreed. Some position…
View recommendation →Fulfilment in Christ, the inclusion of the Gentiles, and Israel's future mercy
The Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Revelation examined to ask whether fulfilment in Christ confirms or cancels God's promises to Israel.
Read article →Conditional blessing, irrevocable promise, and fulfilment in Christ
The Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic, and new covenants examined to distinguish Israel's judgement from the irrevocable purpose of God's promises.
Read article →Labour, purpose, and faithfulness in a fallen world
Work belongs to God's good design, while the curse brought frustration into it; this study considers labour, identity, faithfulness, rest, and Christian witness.
Read article →Irenaeus of Lyons · Early Christian theology and polemic · c. 180–190
The surviving works and fragments of a second-century Christian writer, above all Against Heresies, defending the apostolic faith against Gnostic systems through sustained appeals to Scripture, creation, incarnation, resurrection, and the unity of God's purpose.
View recommendation →Isaiah, John, and the Divine Identity of Jesus Christ
…onfirms the seriousness of the claim, though opponents’ reactions alone cannot define its theology. Read alongside the prologue and the pre-creation glory, the saying adds to the picture of a personal existence that exceeds the ordinary life of a creature. It is supporting eviden…
Read article →Near-death experiences, neuroscience, and the authority of Christ
…ow powerfully an event affected someone, but it cannot by itself authenticate the event's theology. The careful conclusion lies between dismissal and surrender. A sincere report is good evidence that the person remembers an extraordinary experience. Further questions—what produce…
Read article →Augustine of Hippo · Spiritual autobiography and prayer · c. 397–400
…sion. Read the work prayerfully but discerningly, receiving its insight while testing its theology and exegesis by the Word of God. Conversion Grace Sin Desire Prayer Providence Memory
View recommendation →Responding to five common criticisms without defending what Scripture does not require
…f a system's formulation does not determine whether its interpretation is true. Christian theology repeatedly developed more precise vocabulary when questions forced believers to bring biblical truths into a coherent account. Later systematisation can clarify Scripture or distort…
Read article →Ezekiel 20, child sacrifice, and the judgement of being given over
…Jewish, Reformed, and Methodist interpretation. These commentators differ in their wider theology and in how they describe divine agency, but their shared reading does not depend upon one denominational framework. Their agreement corroborates the contextual argument; it does not…
Read article →El, the Exodus, and the God Who Came from Sinai
…th use Allah. A common noun does not guarantee a common referent, still less an identical theology. Israel did not need to invent a previously unknown noun before it could confess the true God. Revelation ordinarily speaks through existing human language, correcting its content a…
Read article →Matthew, the Hebrew word almah, and a sign whose meaning reaches beyond Ahaz
…realisation of a pattern rooted in Isaiah's own day. A critic may still reject Matthew's theology or deny the virgin birth. But the simple charge—“Isaiah said young woman, Matthew dishonestly changed it to virgin”—does not do justice to the evidence. Good interpretation must all…
Read article →A response to Michael Horton on the land promise, Amos 9, and the people of God
…Claim on the Middle East?”, presents a concise Reformed case against dispensational land theology. Horton argues that Israel's possession of Canaan was conditional, that the promise was fulfilled in Joshua's generation, and that the obsolete Mosaic covenant has given way to an i…
Read article →Why a loaded label does not settle the question
…ce is more complicated than the slogan suggests. Before Darby systematised dispensational theology, believers were already reconsidering prophecy and arguing that God retained a future purpose for national Israel. Lewis Way and Alexander McCaul belonged to that earlier prophetic…
Read article →Spiritual ecstasy, altered states, and discerning what is from God
…riune nature of God. The felt reality of the experience therefore cannot authenticate the theology attached to it. Sincerity tells us that the worshipper means what he says. Intensity tells us that the experience has affected him profoundly. Neither tells us that what he believes…
Read article →What Jesus promised the apostles about Israel's future
…statements Jesus made about the apostles' future role. It is also an awkward text for any theology in which national Israel has permanently disappeared into the Church. The promise names the rulers, their thrones, the time of their rule, and those over whom they exercise authorit…
Read article →The Gospel, Human Perception, and the Illuminating Work of the Holy Spirit
…s not measured by emotional intensity. Nor does it require an exhaustive understanding of theology. A sinner can truly trust Christ while having much still to learn. We should therefore avoid turning illumination into another qualification someone must prove before being allowed…
Read article →Constantine, Arius, the Trinity, the biblical canon—and the myths that refuse to die
…ians did not worship Christ as God before AD 325, that Constantine supplied the council's theology, that the bishops merely submitted to a view foreign to them, or that the decision depended upon a narrow imperial tie-break. The sources point in the opposite direction. Christians…
Read article →A forensic reading of Christ's Olivet Discourse
…cisive information from outside Matthew 24. That may sometimes be legitimate in canonical theology, but it should be acknowledged as a synthesis rather than presented as the passage's self-evident meaning. The identification This article has not argued that the word "elect" can n…
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